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Where did microphones come from?
The word microphone was first coined in the 1820's by British inventor and scientist Sir Charles Wheatstone. He is well-known for his work in telegraphy (the science of sound travelling over long distances). His microphone creation was quite different to what a microphone is now. It consisted of two steel rods that could carry a very feeble sound over a distance to each ear.
In the 1850's and 60's, a physicist from Germany by the name of Johann Philipp Reis developed what he called a 'sound transmitter'. He used a membrane that vibrated to sound and noise with a metal strip above, that bobbed up and down as the membrane vibrated. It bobbed up and down faster, or slower, and therefore producing more or less amplification. It didn't really work well enough to hear intelligible speech.
By 1878 David Edward Hughes had designed an entirely different sort of microphone. It was made with carbon granules that responded to varying pressure proportionally with varying electrical resistance. This technology was used in Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone. Hughes is often credited with coming up with the term microphone though he wasn't even born when the word was used by Sir Charles Wheatstone to describe his steel rods in the 1820's. However Hughes ' invention is much closer to our understanding of what a microphone is today. Newspaper reports of the time said of Hughes' microphone "acts for the ear much in the same way that the microscope serves the eye, hence its name."
By the 1920's The Broadcasting era was in full swing and better quality carbon microphones were being made. Condenser microphones were developed but they were never reliable enough (they didn't like moisture) though the BBC did use one for a short time in 1926. Electromagnetic Microphones were being developed, particularly by the music industry during the 1930's using batteries to create large magnetic fields. As strong magnets were developed after the war, reliable electromagnet microphones came too. If you buy a microphone or buy cheap microphones today, its probably been developed using much more recent technical advances but that was where they came from.
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